ABSTRACT
Resumen La hipótesis organizacional sostiene que el índice digital D2:D4 (obtenido de la división entre la longitud de los dedos índice y anular) es un biomarcador que informa de la sobreexposición a la testosterona a nivel prenatal (Myers et al., 2018). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar si el índice digital podría ser útil en el diagnóstico psicopedagógico del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH), dado que los trabajos previos no son concluyentes en este punto (Stevenson et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2017). La muestra estudiada estuvo conformada por 82 estudiantes de ambos sexos (Medad = 11.77 años, DE = 2.97) de la región de Andalucía (España), igualada en edad, sexo y nivel cognitivo. La mitad de los participantes tenía diagnóstico de TDAH, la otra mitad, no. Los resultados reflejan menor índice digital en participantes del grupo con diagnóstico de TDAH (.945) versus el grupo control (.995), y estas diferencias son significativas (p = .000), independientemente del sexo. Además, la presencia de determinados comportamientos en el entorno doméstico (medidos con la Escala Conners) correlaciona positivamente con un bajo valor del índice digital (r = .47; p = .001) y con el diagnóstico psicopedagógico de TDAH.
Abstract The digital ratio D2:D4 (length of the index finger between the length of the ring finger) is a biomarker that reports the presence of high levels of testosterone during the prenatal period. A differential digital pattern (D2 < D4) has been found in several disorders (ASD or Klinefelter's syndrome) although data for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are not conclusive (Stevenson et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2017). The aim of this paper was to determine whether digital ratio can be used as an indicator in the psychoeducational diagnosis of ADHD. A sample of 82 students of both sexes aged between 6 and 16 years (M = 11.77, SD = 2.97) from the Andalusian Community was taken. Among the members of the sample there were no differences in terms of sex, age, or cognitive level. The sample was divided into two groups, the group with a psycho-pedagogical diagnosis of ADHD and the control or undiagnosed group. The group with ADHD consisted of 42 subjects and the control group consisted of 46 subjects. All sessions were conducted individually for each of the subjects and their families following these guidelines: the session began with the parent signing a consent form that allowed the therapist to proceed with the intervention. After that, the TONI-2 non-verbal intelligence test was given to the child by the therapist in a quiet room. At the same time, the parents responded to the Conners Scale questions on behaviour at home to verify the existence or not of behavioural symptoms compatible with the presence of ADHD. For parents of children with ADHD diagnosis, an interview was conducted to learn about the course of the disease to have a general profile of the patient and his or her disorder. Finally, the participants' right hand was scanned at the same school with an HP DeskJet 2630 scanner printer. Using the scanner and the Adobe Photoshop® tool, the length of the index and ring fingers was measured [(from proximal line of the finger to the end of the distal phalanx of the index (D2) and ring (D4) fingers]. The digital measurements from the scanned images were taken by the two researchers who signed the work, and there was more than 90 % agreement on the measurements. The results show a lower digital index in participants in the ADHD group (.945) versus the control group (.995), these differences being significant (p = 0.000), regardless of gender. In addition, the presence of certain behaviours in the home environment (measured with the Conners Scale) correlates positively with a low value of the digital index (r = .47; p = .001) and with the psycho-pedagogical diagnosis of ADHD. Significant differences have been shown in this study. Subjects with a psychopedagogical diagnosis of ADHD have been exposed to higher levels of testosterone during pregnancy since they present a lower D2:D4 ratio compared to the participants in the control group (without a diagnosis of ADHD), in line with the work of Martel et al. (2008) and Wang et al. (2017). In addition, this study has found that the group with psychopedagogical diagnosis of ADHD has a shorter index finger than the ring finger in both boys and girls, while for the control group the digital pattern is reversed or there is no difference between the two fingers. Therefore, we consider that the digital ratio biomarker (D2:D4) may be an additional useful criterion for the psychopedagogical diagnosis of ADHD or at least as a screening method.
ABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La relación entre la longitud del segundo y cuarto dedo de las manos (ratio D2:D4) se ha relacionado con la exposición intrauterina a los andrógenos. Se define un patrón androgénico cuando la longitud del cuarto dedo es superior a la del segundo y el cociente es menor de 1. Este ratio se pone en relación con aspectos del desarrollo y la función reproductiva de los individuos, tales como la resistencia al ejercicio físico, el autismo, la concentración de espermatozoides o la esterilidad. Objetivo: Establecer asociación entre la ratio D2:D4 con la edad de la menarquia. Método: Estudio transversal descriptivo sobre una población no seleccionada de 188 mujeres. Se recogen las longitudes de los dedos con un calibre digital, desde una imagen en papel obtenida con un escáner. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el test de correlación de Pearson, considerando significativo un valor de p<0,05. Resultados: El análisis de correlación entre los parámetros morfométricos de las manos y la edad de la menarquia, presentó relación estadísticamente significativa y directamente proporcional con la longitud del cuarto dedo en ambos manos. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos indican una relación entre el perfil androgénico de la morfometría de las manos y el retraso de la menarquia. Este hecho constituye un inicio en la búsqueda de relaciones entre las características morfométricas de las manos y condiciones clínicas, que podrían estar influenciadas por la exposición androgénica durante el periodo fetal.
Background: The relationship between the length of the second and fourth fingers of the hands (ratio D2:D4) has been associated with intrauterine exposure to androgens. The androgenic pattern is defined when the length of the fourth finger is higher than the second, and the ratio is lower than 1. This ratio is set in relation to aspects of development and reproductive function of individuals, such as resistance to physical exercise, autism, sperm concentration or sterility. Aims: Find relationship between the ratio D2:D4 with age of menarche. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in an unselected population of 188 women. The finger lengths with a digital caliper is collected from a paper image obtained by a scanner. Statistical analysis was perfomed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, with significant value p<0.05. Results: Correlation analysis between the morphometric parameters of the hands and the age of menarche, showed statistically significant and directly proportional to the length of the fourth finger on both hands relationship. Conclusion: The results indicate a relationship between the androgenic pattern morphometry hands and late menarche. This is a start in the search for relationships between the morphometric characteristics of the hands and clinical conditions that might be influenced by androgen exposure during fetal period.